Intervertebral disc having translation

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to an intervertebral motion disc having two motion surfaces and an open channel.

[0001] This application claims priority from co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/391,845, filed Jun. 27, 2002, entitled “Intervertebral Disc Having Translation”.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The leading cause of lower back pain arises from rupture or degeneration of lumbar intervertebral discs. Pain in the lower extremities is caused by the compression of spinal nerve roots by a bulging disc, while lower back pain is caused by collapse of the disc and by the adverse effects of articulation weight through a damaged, unstable vertebral joint. One proposed method of managing these problems is to remove the problematic disc and replace it with a prosthetic disc that allows for the natural motion between the adjacent vertebrae (“a motion disc”).

[0003] U.S. Pat. No. 6,368,350 (“Erickson”) discloses a three-piece motion disc providing two articulation surfaces. The disc comprises a first piece having a curved surface, a second piece having a flat surface, and an intermediate piece having a corresponding curved articulation surface and a corresponding flat articulation surface. In many embodiments, the translation freedom of the intermediate piece is limited by a raised lip integrally formed around the edge of a flat surface upon the lower piece. Erickson teaches that the overall height of the device is varied by increasing or decreasing the thickness of one or more of the first, second or intermediate pieces. Erickson teaches that known methods for insertion of intervertebral prosthetic devices can be used for insertion of its device. Lastly, Erickson teaches that a variety of materials can be selected as materials of construction for the components of its device, including metals, polymers, and ceramics, and specifically teaches preferred combinations including metal-metal or metal-plastic combinations.

[0004] In each of Erickson's embodiments having a peripheral raised lip, the height of the core member appears to exceed the distance between the peripheral raised lips of the opposing endplates. Accordingly, the core member can not be inserted between the prosthetic endplates without overdistracting the disc space.

[0005] Erickson does not teach an open ended channel for inserting the intermediate piece between the prosthetic endplates, nor an additional component for retaining the intermediate piece upon the flat surface. Erickson does not teach piecemeal insertion of the device into the disc space. Erickson does not teach a metal-ceramic articulation interface.

[0006] U.S. Pat. No. 5,676,701 (“Yuan”) discloses, in one embodiment, a motion disc having a single articulation surface. This device includes a first component whose inner surface comprises a concave inner portion having a 360° circumference and a convex peripheral portion, and an opposing second component whose inner surface comprises a conforming convex inner portion and a convex peripheral portion. The convex/concave contours of the opposing inner portions forms a ball-and-socket design that allows unrestricted pivotal motion of the device, while the opposing convex peripheral contours allow flexion/extension bending motion in the range of about 20-30°.

[0007] In another embodiment, Yuan discloses a device having two articulation interfaces, wherein one of the above-mentioned components is made in two pieces having opposing flat surfaces that form a translation interface to further provide the prosthetic with a certain amount of translation. See FIG. 9 of Yuan. Yuan discloses that the translation-producing pieces can be fitted together mechanically, via shrink-fit, or by welding methods.

[0008] However, Yuan does not disclose an open-ended channel for fitting the translation producing pieces.

[0009] U.S. Pat. No. 5,507,816 (“Bullivant”) discloses a three-piece motion disc providing two articulation interfaces and comprises an upper piece having a flat lower surface, a middle spacer having a flat upper surface and a convex lower surface, and a lower piece having a concave upper surface. The articulating convex and concave surfaces form an articulating interface that allows pivotal motion, while the flat surfaces form a translation interface that allows translational motion. Bullivant further teaches that the natural tension of the vertebrae ensures that the vertebrae are biased together to trap the spacer in place, and that the 90° extension of the convex and concave surfaces virtually eliminates any chance of the spacer escaping from between the plates under normal pivotal movement of the vertebrae.

[0010] The Bullivant device does not possess any channel for retaining the middle spacer within the device. Accordingly, it is prone to disengagement.

[0011] In each of the Erickson, Yuan, and Bullivant designs, the core member has a flat translation surface and a curved articulation surface.

[0012] There are currently two primary competitive artificial disc replacement devices on the market that are designed for the lumbar spine.

[0013] The first device has two articulation interfaces and comprises three components: an inferior endplate, a superior endplate, and a core. Both the inferior and superior endplates are metal and have raised bosses with concave spherical surfaces in the center. The core is plastic and has convex surfaces on both the top and bottom which are surrounded by raised rims.

[0014] However, this device does not have an open ended channel for inserting the core between the endplates. Related devices are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,759,766; 5,401,269; and 5,556,431.

[0015] In each of the devices disclosed in these three patents, the core member has either two concave surfaces or two convex surfaces.

[0016] The second device has a single articulation interface and comprises three components: an inferior endplate, a superior endplate, and a plastic insert. The inferior endplate functions as a baseplate and has a sidewall forming an open ended channel for reception of the insert. The inner surface of the inferior endplate provides only stationary support for the insert and does not have a motion surface. Since the plastic insert is designed to be locked securely into place within the inferior endplate, the inferior surface of the insert is not a motion surface. The superior surface of the insert includes articulation surface for articulation with the superior endplate. The superior endplate has an inferior articulation surface that articulates with the superior motion surface of the plastic insert, and a superior surface designed for attachment to a vertebral endplate. A related device is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,314,477.

[0017] The second device does not have two articulation surfaces. The second device relies upon downward-extending flexible tabs disposed upon the insert to keep the insert within the open-ended channel. These tabs eliminate any ability for the insert to translate with the adjacent endplate surfaces.

[0018] French Published Patent Application No. 2,730,159 (“Germain”) discloses a motion disc in which the core member has one convex and concave surface. Germain further teaches that the radius of the upper curved surface (3 a) of the core member is less than the radius of the lower curved surface (3 b) of the core member.

[0019] Therefore, there is a need for a motion device having two articulation interfaces that allows for initial insertion of the prosthetic endplates into the disc space and then insertion therebetween of a core member having two articulation surfaces.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0020] The present inventors have developed a motion disc having two articulation interfaces and an open ended channel. The two articulation interfaces allow the motion disc to more fully restore the natural motion of the spine than would a single articulation interface. The open ended channel allows for initial insertion of the prosthetic endplates into the disc space and then insertion therebetween of a core member having two articulation surfaces, thereby lessening the extent of required overdistraction.

[0021] Therefore, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising:

[0022] i) an outer surface adapted to mate with a vertebral body,

[0023] ii) an inner surface having a first opening thereon,

[0024] iii) a body portion connecting the inner and outer surfaces and defining a sidewall comprising a second opening thereon, and

[0025] iv) an articulation surface suitable for supporting articulation motion,

[0026] wherein the first and second openings communicate to form a channel having a first open end.

[0027] Also in accordance with the present invention, there is provided an intervertebral motion disc comprising:

[0028] a) a prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising:

[0029] i) an outer surface adapted to mate with a vertebral body,

[0030] ii) an inner surface having a first opening thereon,

[0031] iii) a body portion connecting the inner and outer surfaces and defining a sidewall comprising a second opening thereon, and

[0032] iv) a first articulation surface suitable for supporting articulation motion.

[0033] wherein the first and second openings communicate to form a channel having a first open end, and

[0034] b) a core member having a first articulation surface suitable for supporting articulation motion,

[0035] wherein the core member is disposed within the channel and oriented therein to produce a first articulation interface between the first articulation surface of the first endplate and the first articulation surface of the core member.

[0036] The disc of the present invention is superior to that of Erickson, Yuan and the first commercial device in that the core member can be inserted through the open ended channel, thereby allowing for initial insertion of the prosthetic endplates into the disc space and then insertion therebetween of a core member having two articulation surfaces through the channel, and lessening the extent of required overdistraction.

[0037] The disc of the present invention is superior to that of Bullivant in that the channel helps retain the core member between the endplates and so need not rely upon natural ligament tension to retain the core member between the endplates, and prevents excessive lateral motion of the core.

[0038] The disc of the present invention is superior to that of the second commercial device in that its two articulation interfaces allow the motion disc to more fully restore the natural motion of the spine than would a single articulation interface.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0039]FIGS. 1a-1 c disclose isometric, cross-sectional and front views of a first embodiment of the present invention.

[0040]FIGS. 2a-2 d disclose isometric, cross-sectional, front and elevated views of the inferior endplate of the first embodiment of the present invention.

[0041]FIGS. 3a-3 c disclose isometric, elevated and front views of the superior endplate of the first embodiment of the present invention.

[0042] FIGS. 4-6 disclose embodiments cross-sectioned through the channel of an endplate.

[0043]FIGS. 7a-7 c disclose isometric, cross-sectional and front views of the core member of the first embodiment of the present invention.

[0044]FIG. 8 discloses a cross-section of an embodiment of the present invention in which the core member has a non-articulating projection.

[0045]FIG. 9 discloses a cross-section of an embodiment of the present invention in which the core member has two non-articulating projections.

[0046]FIG. 10 discloses a cross-section of an embodiment of the present invention in which the core member has an articulating projection.

[0047]FIG. 11 discloses a cross-section of an embodiment of the present invention which defines distances.

[0048]FIG. 12 discloses a cross-section of an embodiment of the present invention in which the translation surface is hemi-cylindrical.

[0049]FIG. 13 discloses a side view of a core member having a spring portion.

[0050]FIG. 14 discloses a side view of a core member having a helical recess therein.

[0051]FIGS. 15a-15 b disclose isometric and elevated views of the locking tab of the first embodiment of the present invention.

[0052]FIG. 16 discloses a locking tab adapted for engagement with a vertebral body.

[0053]FIG. 17 discloses an elevated view of an endplate, core and tab, wherein the inner surface of the tab has an elongated portion.

[0054]FIG. 18 discloses a cross-section of a superior endplate having a sunken channel.

[0055]FIG. 19 discloses a first endplate having a horizontally-extending projection and a core member having a recess for mating with the projection.

[0056]FIGS. 20a-20 c disclose isometric, elevated, and cross-sectional views of an embodiment of the present invention in which the core member has a significantly convex articulation surface and a substantially flat articulation surface.

[0057]FIGS. 21a-21 b discloses a front and a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the present invention having a slightly curved articulation interface running the anterior-posterior direction.

[0058]FIGS. 22a-22 b discloses a front and a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the present invention having a slightly curved articulation interface running the medial-lateral direction.

[0059]FIG. 23 discloses an isometric view of a prosthetic vertebral endplate of the present invention having a channel having two open ends.

[0060]FIG. 24 discloses an isometric view of the present invention in which a locking tab comprises first and second arms, and each arm is shaped to be secured to the endplate in a recess formed in the lateral wall portions of the endplate.

[0061]FIG. 25 discloses an isometric view of the present invention in which one endplate is adapted to receive a screw for fixation to an adjacent vertebra.

[0062]FIGS. 26a and 26 b disclose exploded views of an embodiment of the invention.

[0063]FIG. 27 discloses a notched endplate of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0064] For the purposes of the present invention, “prosthetic vertebral endplate” broadly describes a component designed to substantially fit within an interverterbal space and mate with an opposing surface of one of the adjacent vertebral bodies. The “prosthetic vertebral endplate” includes all geometric configurations, including but not limited to substantially thin and substantially blocky configurations. Types of mating include, but are not limited to, penetrating the adjacent vertebral body, simply contacting the adjacent vertebral body, and providing fixation through a third component such as a fastener (such as a screw) that is received within or connected to the prosthetic vertebral endplate. Such fixation may occur upon a non-opposing surface of the adjacent vertebral body (such as the anterior wall of the vertebral body). The adjacent vertebral body may be prepared or unprepared so that the contacting surface thereof may include the cortical end endplate portion of the vertebral body or the internal cancellous portion of the vertebral body.

[0065] For the purposes of the present invention, a “substantially curved articulation interface” produces substantially pivotal motion during articulation. Examples of such substantially curved interfaces include but are not limited to hemipsherical interfaces having a radius of between about 10 mm and about 30 mm.

[0066] For the puposes of the present invention, both “slightly curved articulation interfaces” and “substantially flat articulation interfaces” produce substantially translational motion during articulation. Examples of such “slightly curved interfaces’ include but are not limited to hemispherical interfaces having a radius of between about 40 mm and about 100 mm. For the purposes of the present invention, a “substantially flat articulation interface” is sufficiently flat so as to allow axial rotation of either mating component at any point along the interface.

[0067] Now referring to FIG. 1, there is provided a motion disc 1 comprising:

[0068] a) a first prosthetic vertebral endplate 31 comprising:

[0069] i) an outer surface 33 adapted to mate with a first vertebral body,

[0070] ii) an inner surface 35 having a first opening 34 thereon and a first articulation surface 41,

[0071] iii) a body portion 43 connecting the inner and outer surfaces and defining a sidewall 45 comprising a second opening 37 thereon,

[0072] b) a second prosthetic vertebral endplate 11 comprising:

[0073] i) an outer surface 13 adapted to mate with a second vertebral body, and

[0074] ii) an inner surface 15 comprising a first articulation surface 17,

[0075] c) a core member 51 comprising:

[0076] i) a first articulation surface 53 adapted for articulation with the first articulation surface of the first endplate, and

[0077] ii) a second articulation surface 55 adapted for articulation with the first articulation surface of the second endplate,

[0078] wherein the first and second openings communicate to form a channel 39 having a first open end 40, and

[0079] wherein the core member is disposed within the channel and oriented therein to produce a first articulation interface between the first articulation surface of the first endplate and the first articulation surface of the core member, and a second articulation interface between the first articulation surface of the second endplate and the second articulation surface of the core member.

[0080] The motion disc of FIG. 1 further comprises means for limiting the translation of the core member. In FIG. 1, the means comprises a locking tab 71 that is adapted to securely lock into place after the core has been inserted and to help retain the core within the channel.

[0081] Now referring to FIG. 1, in some embodiments, the device comprises four main components: an inferior endplate 11, a superior endplate 31, a core member 51, and a locking tab 71. In one preferred embodiment, the inferior endplate comprises a substantially convex surface 17 that is designed to conform to and mate with a substantially concave surface 55 formed in the core member. The superior endplate has an open channel 39 within which substantially flat lower articulation surface 41 is disposed. The substantially flat lower articulation surface 41 is intended to mate with the substantially flat upper articulation surface 53 of the core member. Channel 39 is designed to retain the core and prevent its lateral expulsion. The core member comprises a substantially concave bottom articulation surface 55 and a substantially flat top articulation surface 53, each of which is designed to mate with the corresponding surfaces on the endplates to form articulation interfaces. Preferably, the articulation interfaces are conforming. In addition, the core member is designed with a retaining feature 57 that mates with a corresponding undercut formed in the sidewall, thereby promoting its retention within the superior endplate channel. Lastly, the locking tab 71 is designed to effectively close the open end of the channel once the core member has been inserted, thereby promoting retention of the core.

[0082] In other embodiments, the features on the superior and inferior endplates can be reversed. For example, the substantially flat articulation surface of the superior endplate could be provided upon the inferior endplate, and the substantially curved surface of the inferior endplate could be provided on the superior endplate. In addition, the placement of the ball and socket-like substantially curved surfaces could be reversed so that the core member has a substantially convex articulation surface and the corresponding endplate has a matching substantially concave articulation surface. The substantially flat articulation surfaces may also be modified to be slightly curved and still provide substantially translational motion. Lastly, additional components such as screws for initial fixation of the implant may be added to the design.

[0083] Each of the four main components of one preferred embodiment will now be described in more detail:

[0084] Now referring to FIG. 2, in one embodiment, inferior endplate 11 has an inferior surface 13 designed to mate with a natural vertebral endplate, a superior surface 15 designed to mate with both instrumentation and the core member, and a body portion 16 therebetween. The periphery of the inferior endplate comprises an anterior wall 21, a posterior wall 23, and sidewall portions 25 and 27.

[0085] Preferably, the inferior (outer) surface 13 of this endplate is either flat, curved or domed to match the natural vertebral endplate. Alternatively, the geometry of the inferior surface can be designed so that it will match the shape of the patient's vertebral endplate after the vertebral endplate has been modified by an endplate-shaping instrument. In addition, the inferior surface of this endplate can further comprise features to promote and secure initial fixation and bony ingrowth including, but not limited to, spikes, keels, teeth, projections (such as dovetails), recesses (such as grooves) and porous coatings.

[0086] Superior (inner) surface 15 comprises a peripheral portion 9 and a raised inner portion 7 extending substantially from the middle of the peripheral portion. This raised inner portion comprises a raised surface 5, a sloped anterior wall 3, and a pair of raised sidewalls 2,4.

[0087] Extending from the raised surface of the superior surface of the inferior endplate is a highly polished substantially convex articulation surface 17 designed to mate with a corresponding substantially concave articulation surface (not shown) disposed upon the core member. Preferably, substantially convex articulation surface 17 is further designed to conform to the corresponding concave articulation surface. In the preferred embodiment the articulation surface 17 is convex. However, the substantially curved articulation surface can also be concave if desired to mate with a corresponding substantially convex articulation surface (not shown) disposed upon the core member. Preferably, the substantially curved articulation surface 17 has been polished to a surface roughness Ra of no more than 10 nm.

[0088] Preferably, formed upon each raised sidewall is a slotted guide rail 60 running substantially along the length of each raised sidewall. For the purposes of the present invention, a slot is a longitudinally-extending recess in a first surface having a continuous opening onto a second lateral surface along at least a portion of its longitudinal axis. In contrast, a hole is closed about its periphery along its longitudinal axis and so does not open onto a second lateral surface. In some embodiments particularly suited for anterior approaches, the rails run in an anterior-posterior direction. These two guide rails are designed to mate with instrumentation used during the surgical procedure, and optionally with additional implant components (such as a revision spacer or a locking tab). When used as guide rails, slots formed in the raised side walls are more advantageous to holes running through the raised portion because a hole disposed near the edges of the raised portion would be prone to failure and so additional material would be required to support the raised sidewall. In preferred embodiments, the inner surface of the slot is angled. Without wishing to be tied to a theory, it is believed that angled slots are often selected over square slots because a square slot disposed near the edges of the raised portion is prone to failure and so additional material is required to support the raised sidewall. Preferably, the guide rails are located within the footprint of the disc formed by the side wall portions 25 and 27 of the endplates.

[0089] Therefore, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided an intervertebral motion disc comprising:

[0090] a) a first motion segment comprising:

[0091] i) an outer surface adapted to mate with a first vertebral body,

[0092] ii) an inner surface comprising a first articulation surface,

[0093] iii) a front and a back wall between the inner and outer surfaces, and

[0094] iv) a pair of slots formed in the first motion segment, each slot running substantially from the front wall and opening onto the front wall,

[0095] b) a second motion segment comprising:

[0096] i) an outer surface adapted to mate with a second vertebral body,

[0097] ii) an inner surface comprising a first articulation surface, and

[0098] wherein the articulation surfaces are adapted to produce an articulation interface.

[0099] In other embodiments particularly suited for translateral approaches, the rails run at a substantial angle to the anterior-posterior direction. Typically, this substantial angle is between about 30 and about 60 degrees from the anterior-posterior direction.

[0100] Now referring to FIG. 3, superior endplate 31 has a superior outer surface 33 designed to mate with the vertebral endplate, an inferior inner surface 35 a and 35 b that is designed to mate with both instrumentation and the core member, and a body portion 43 therebetween defining a plurality of sidewalls, including an anterior wall 45, a posterior wall 46, and lateral wall portions 47 and 48.

[0101] Preferably, the superior outer surface 33 of this endplate is either flat, curved or domed to match the natural vertebral endplate. Alternatively, the geometry of the superior surface can be designed so that it will match the shape of the patient's vertebral endplate after the vertebral endplate has been modified by an endplate-shaping instrument. In addition, the superior surface of this endplate can further comprise features to promote secure initial fixation and bony ingrowth including, but not limited to, spikes, keels, teeth, projections (such as dovetails), recesses (such as grooves) and porous coatings.

[0102] Now referring also to FIG. 1, channel 39 is formed from the communication of the second opening 37 in the anterior wall with the first opening 34 formed on inner surface 35 a of this endplate. In this embodiment, the channel has i) a substantially flat articulation surface 41 that provides linear translation and is designed to mate with a corresponding substantially flat articulation surface of the core member and ii) a sidewall 50 surrounding three sides of the substantially flat articulation surface. Preferably, substantially flat articulation surface 41 is further designed to conform to a corresponding substantially flat articulation surface of the core member. In some embodiments, the substantially flat articulation surface 41 may be replaced with a slightly curved articulation surface. Preferably, the substantially flat articulation surface has been polished to a surface roughness Ra of no more than 10 nm. The channel has a width adapted to receive and retain the core. Preferably, the channel has a shape that allows the core to be easily inserted therein and then retained therein by a means for limiting translation. In the preferred embodiment, the sidewall 50 of the channel has an angular undercut 46 formed therein that is designed to retain the core.

[0103] In some embodiments (as in FIG. 1), bottom surface 41 is substantially flat to provide substantially translational motion with a corresponding flat superior surface of the core member. However, in other embodiments, this bottom surface is slightly curved to provide not only substantially translational motion with a corresponding slightly curved superior surface of the core member, but also a soft resistance to extreme A-P translation of the core. Preferably, the slightly curved interface is hemicylindrical, preferably with the curve of the hemicylinder running in the anterior-posterior (“A-P”) direction. In other embodiments, the curve of the hemicylinder runs in the medial-lateral (“M-L”) direction, and so allows the use of a thicker core member.

[0104] The opened end channel of FIGS. 1 and 3 is believed to be novel in prosthetic intervertebral motion discs having an intermediate component disposed between a pair of prosthetic vertebral endplates. The open end of the channel is advantageous in that it allows the surgeon to insert only the upper and lower plates into the disc space, and then insert the intermediate piece through the open end of the channel. Because the combination of the upper and lower endplates can be inserted with a lower profile than if the intermediate component were in place, there is a lesser need to severely overdistract or otherwise harm the opposing natural vertebral endplates. The substantially translational articulation capability provided by the first articulation interface allows the disc to more nearly imitate the natural motion of an intervertebral disc.

[0105] Therefore, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method of implanting an intervertebral motion disc, comprising the sequential steps of:

[0106] inserting into a disc space a partial motion disc comprising:

[0107] a) a first prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising:

[0108] i) an outer surface adapted to mate with a first vertebral body, and

[0109] ii) an inner surface comprising a first motion surface,

[0110] b) a second prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising:

[0111] i) an outer surface adapted to mate with a second vertebral body,

[0112] ii) an inner surface comprising an opening forming a channel comprising opposing side walls, a first open end and a second motion surface, and

[0113] inserting into the open end of the channel a core member comprising:

[0114] i) a first surface adapted for motion with the first motion surface, and

[0115] ii) a second surface adapted for motion with the second motion surface,

[0116] wherein the core member is disposed within the channel and oriented therein to provide a first motion with the first motion surface and a second motion with the second motion surface.

[0117] In some embodiments, now referring to FIG. 4, the channel comprises a sunken anterior surface 203 and a raised posterior articulation surface 205. Because these surfaces occupy different levels, the raised posterior portion can now be more easily polished. In some embodiments, the transition between these surfaces defines a ledge 207. This ledge acts as a stop against overinsertion of the tab, thereby preserving the high polish of the raised posterior articulation surface, and eases insertion of the core. In some embodiments, now referring to FIG. 5, the anterior surface 211 is ramped to rise posteriorly. This embodiment also minimizes the necessary polishing of the articulation surface. As the tab moves up the ramp, the combined action of the elevation rise and the elevation limit provided by the undercut dovetail 213 of the sidewall acts as a stop upon the further posterior movement of the tab. When the patient is standing in a supine position, the natural loads upon the spine are such that the core member is most preferably positioned in the posterior portion of the motion disc, as in FIG. 1, and more preferably between about 60-80% towards the posterior. When the patient first bends forward, the core member may move anteriorly or posteriorly. If the core moves anteriorly, when the patient returns to a supine position, the substantially flat nature of the channel of FIG. 1. does not help the core member move back to its original posterior position. Therefore, in some embodiments, now referring to FIG. 6, at least a portion of the channel is ramped to slope downward posteriorly. The channel of FIG. 6 comprises an anterior articulation surface having a downward sloping ramp 221. If the core is disposed in an anterior portion of the channel, the non-parallel nature of the bearing surfaces will urge the core to move back to its original posterior position when the patient returns to an erect position.

[0118] Therefore, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a prosthetic vertebral endplate, comprising:

[0119] i) an outer surface adapted to mate with a first vertebral body to define a first attachment plane substantially parallel to the vertebral body endplate, and

[0120] ii) an inner surface comprising a substantially flat motion surface,

[0121] wherein the substantially flat motion surface and the first attachment plane define an angle α.

[0122] In one preferred embodiment, the angle α of the ramp is between about 10 and about 30 degrees.

[0123] When the channel of the present invention contains a substantially flat articulation surface, overdistraction caused by insertion of the core member is desirably minimized. However, in other embodiments, the channel may include a slightly curved surface which rises anteriorly and/or a flat surface having an anteriorly-disposed lip having a height less than that of sidewalls. Since the lip or slightly curved surface may desirably retain the core member within the channel, it is contemplated that such a lip may obviate the need for another translation-limiting component such as a tab that prevents expulsion of the core while still providing a height reduction benefit that lessens the need for overdistraction. Preferably, this lip has a height that is no more than 80% of the channel depth, more preferably no more than 50%, more preferably no more than 25%.

[0124] Referring again to FIG. 3, formed in each sidewall 47, 48 is a recessed guide rail 49. Guide rail 49 begins at the anterior wall, extends across each sidewall, and ends at the posterior wall. These two guide rails correspond to the two guide rails 60 of the inferior plate.

[0125] Now referring to FIG. 7, the core member 51 comprises a body portion 52 forming a substantially flat superior surface 55 that is designed to articulate with the bottom surface of the superior endplate and a substantially curved inferior surface 53 that is designed to mate with the inferior endplate. In some preferred embodiments, the body portion has a substantially cylindrical body portion 52. In some preferred embodiments, the body portion has a substantially rectangular body portion 52. Preferably, superior surface 55 is further designed to conform to the bottom surface 41 of the superior endplate. Also preferably, substantially curved inferior surface 53 is designed to conform with a corresponding substantially curved upper surface of the inferior endplate. In some embodiments (as in FIG. 7), superior surface 55 is substantially flat to provide substantially translational motion with a corresponding flat bottom surface of the superior endplate. However, in other embodiments, superior surface 55 is slightly curved to provide substantially translational motion with a corresponding curved bottom surface of the superior endplate as well as soft resistance to extreme translational motion.

[0126] The substantially curved inferior surface can be any shape designed for pivotal articulation, including hemispherical, hemicylindrical, hemi-ellipsoidal, and oblong. However, in preferred embodiments, the curved surface is hemi-spherical. In the preferred embodiments, the substantially curved inferior articulation surface of the core is concave. However, the curved articulation surface can also be convex, if desired, to mate with a corresponding substantially concave articulation surface disposed upon an endplate.

[0127] The substantially flat superior surface may be modified to any slightly curved geometry that allows at least one degree of substantially translational motion, including a hemi-cylindrical shape.

[0128] In addition to the two articulation surfaces, the core has a peripherally disposed retaining feature 57 that is designed to prevent the core from accidentally dislocating from the implant. The shape of the retaining feature is adapted to fit a complementary feature (46 of FIG. 3) in the sidewall of the retaining channel. In this embodiment, the retaining feature 57 extends from the cylindrical body portion. In a preferred embodiment, the retaining feature is an angled flare disposed near the end of the core having the substantially translational surface. However, in other embodiments, the retaining feature can be a recess extending into the body portion 52.

[0129] Typically, the core of a conventional motion disc has either two convex surfaces or two concave surfaces. The Germain motion disc is the only motion disc known to the present inventors in which the core comprises one convex motion surface and one concave motion surface. However, Germain further requires the radius of the upper surface to be smaller than the radius of the lower motion surface. Without wishing to be tied to a theory, because of this requirement, the Germain disc may suffer from a high center of rotation.

[0130] In an effort to overcome these deficiencies, in some embodiments of the present invention, the radius of the upper surface of the core is greater than the radius of the lower motion surface. Without wishing to be tied to a theory, this embodiment of the present invention may possess an advantage of a low center of rotation.

[0131] Therefore, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided an intervertebral motion disc comprising:

[0132] a) an upper prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising:

[0133] i) an outer surface adapted to mate with an upper vertebral body,

[0134] ii) an inner surface having a first articulation surface,

[0135] b) a lower prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising:

[0136] i) an outer surface adapted to mate with a lower vertebral body, and

[0137] ii) an inner surface having a first articulation surface, and

[0138] c) a core member comprising:

[0139] i) an upper articulation surface adapted for articulation with the first articulation surface of the upper endplate and having a radius, and

[0140] ii) a lower articulation surface adapted for articulation with the first articulation surface of the lower endplate and having a radius,

[0141] wherein the core member is disposed between the endplates and oriented therein to produce an upper articulation interface between the first articulation surface of the upper endplate and the upper articulation surface of the core member, and a lower articulation interface between the first articulation surface of the lower endplate and the lower articulation surface of the core member, and

[0142] wherein the radius of the upper articulation surface of the core member is greater than the radius of the lower articulation surface of the core member.

[0143] Preferably, the radius of the upper motion surface of the core is at least three times greater than the radius of the lower motion surface of the core, more preferably between 3 and 5 times greater. Preferably, the radius of the upper surface of the core is between about 40 mm and about 100 mm, and the radius of the lower motion surface is between about 10 mm and about 30 mm. Preferably, the radius of the upper surface of the core is between 40 mm and 80 mm. Below 40 mm, the depth of the curve requires adding significantly more material to the corresponding endplate, thereby increasing the height of the implant. Above 80 mm, the curve provides a less significant braking.

[0144] Typically, the core of a conventional motion disc has either one flat surface and one curved surface (as in Erickson, Yuan and Bullivant), two cylindrical surfaces (as in Charite '766), or two hemispherical surfaces (as in Germain). However, a substantially flat surface in a motion disc does not resist extreme movement of the core. Motion discs having two hemicylindrical surfaces can not provide the desired pivotal movement over 360 degrees. Motion discs having two hemispherical surfaces do not allow for the easy correction of misaligned endplates.

[0145] In an effort to overcome these deficiencies, in some embodiments of the present invention, the core of the present invention has one hemispherical surface and one non-hemispherical curved surface. Preferably, the non-hemispherical curved surface is hemicylindrical. In this condition, the hemispherical surface provides the pivotal rotation freedom found in the natural disc, while the linear dimension of the hemicylindrical surface (when provided in the medial-lateral direction, as in FIGS. 12 and 22a) provides substantially translational movement in a first direction (thereby providing easy correction of misaligned endplates), and curved dimension of the hemicylindrical surface provides some resistance against extreme movement in a second direction.

[0146] Therefore, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided an intervertebral motion disc comprising:

[0147] a) a first prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising:

[0148] i) an outer surface adapted to mate with a first vertebral body,

[0149] ii) an inner surface having a first articulation surface,

[0150] b) a second prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising:

[0151] i) an outer surface adapted to mate with a second vertebral body, and

[0152] ii) an inner surface having a first articulation surface, and

[0153] c) a core member comprising:

[0154] i) a first articulation surface adapted for articulation with the first articulation surface of the first endplate, and

[0155] ii) a second articulation surface adapted for articulation with the first articulation surface of the second endplate,

[0156] wherein the core member is disposed between the endplates and oriented therein to produce a first articulation interface between the first articulation surface of the first endplate and the first articulation surface of the core member, and a second articulation interface between the first articulation surface of the second endplate and the second articulation surface of the core member, and

[0157] wherein the first articulation surface of the core member is spherical and the second articulation surface of the core member is curved and non-spherical.

[0158] Also in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a core member for articulation between first and second prosthetic vertebral endplates, comprising:

[0159] i) a first articulation surface adapted for articulation with a first articulation surface of the first prosthetic vertebral endplate, and

[0160] ii) a second articulation surface adapted for articulation with the first articulation surface of the second prosthetic vertebral endplate,

[0161] wherein the first articulation surface is a portion of a sphere and the second articulation surface is a portion of a curved, non-spherical shape.

[0162] Preferably, the non-spherical curved surface is a hemicylindrical surface, as such a surface that can articulate with a similar opposing hemicylindrical surface and provide conforming articulation. Also preferably, the curved dimension of the hemicylindrical surface is provided in the A-P direction (to provide a soft braking) while the linear dimension is provided in the medial-lateral direction. However, in other embodiments, the curved dimension of the hemicylindrical surface is provided in the medial-lateral direction, while the linear dimension is provided in the anterior-posterior direction.

[0163] Also preferably, the hemispherical surface is substantially curved and the curved, non-hemispherical surface is slightly curved.

[0164] In the embodiment of FIG. 3, because the translational articulation surface 41 that mates with the core member is disposed within the channel, both the core retention function and translation surface function of this endplate are provided by the same surface within the channel. However, in other embodiments, the core retention function and translation surface function can be provided by separate surfaces. For example, now referring to FIG. 8, there is provided a motion disc wherein the core member has a projection 501 that extends only partially into channel 503. The channel and projection elements of this device function merely to limit the lateral translational freedom of the core member. In this embodiment, the bottom of the channel does not have to be adapted to support articulation motion. Rather, substantially flat articulation surface 505 provided on the inner surface of the endplate forms an articulation interface with the substantially flat articulation surface 507 of the core member.

[0165] Similarly, in FIG. 9, there is provided a prosthetic vertebral endplate 551 having two channels with an articulation surface therebetween. In particular, endplate 551 comprises an inner surface 552 having first 553 and second 555 channels formed therein, and an articulation surface 567 formed between the channels. The channels begin at the anterior wall 557 of the endplate and terminate prior to opening onto the posterior wall (not shown) of the endplate. Core member 561 comprises first 563 and second 565 projections and an articulation surface 569 therebetween, each projection having a shape that mates with its corresponding channel to limit the medial-lateral translation of the core member. Anterior-posterior translation is accomplished by the mating of articulation surface 569 of the core and articulation surface 567 of the endplate to produce an articulation interface. Expulsion of the core member of this embodiment can be prevented by any number of means. For example, after the core member is slid into the channels, locking tabs can be inserted into the anterior end of each channel. Alternatively, the intermediate portion 567 of the inner surface can comprise at least one flexible tab that allows the passage of the core member towards the posterior portion of the endplate, but prevents its passage back out.

[0166] In other embodiments, the core member and superior endplate can be adapted to provide more than one articulation interface. Now referring to FIG. 10, the bottom surface 511 of the projection is polished and extends sufficiently into the channel to bear upon the bottom surface 513 of the channel to form a first articulation interface, while an articulation surface 515 is also provided on the inner surface of the endplate to form a second articulation interface with a second articulation surface 517 of the core member.

[0167] Likewise, in FIG. 9, projections 563,565 may optionally mate with the bottom surfaces of the channels to form additional articulation interfaces.

[0168] In preferred embodiments, the core member is adapted to provide pivotal motion with a first endplate. Preferably, the pivotal motion is provided by the corresponding substantially curved surfaces of the core member and a first endplate. More preferably, the curved surfaces are conforming. More preferably, the conforming curved surfaces are selected from the group consisting of hemispherical and hemicylindrical surfaces. Still more preferably, the conforming curved surfaces are hemispherical surfaces.

[0169] In preferred embodiments, the core member is adapted to provide at least one degree of translation motion with a second endplate. Preferably, the at least one degree of translation motion is provided by corresponding substantially flat planar surfaces of the core member and a second endplate. Now referring to FIG. 11, in some embodiments, exactly one degree of translation motion is achieved by sizing the core member so that its diameter D_(C) equals the width W of the channel in which it is disposed. In this case, the one degree of freedom is translation in the A-P direction. Now referring to FIG. 10, in other embodiments, one degree of translation motion is realized by sizing a projection upon the core member so that the diameter of the projection D_(p) equals the width W of the channel in which it is disposed. Preferably, the motion provided by the one-degree-of-freedom embodiment is in the anterior-posterior direction. In other embodiments, more than one degree of freedom may be realized by sizing the core member so that its diameter (or the diameter of its projection that bears upon the articulation surface) is smaller than the width W of the channel, thereby allowing the core to move laterally as well.

[0170] In other embodiments, as in FIG. 12, one degree of translation motion is realized by providing a channel having a hemicylindrical surface 701 and a core member having a corresponding hemicylindrical surface 703 to produce a hemicylindrical interface. In this particular embodiment, the core has a slightly convex hemicylindrical surface adapted to provide translational motion in the A-P direction with the slightly concave hemicylindrical bottom surface of the channel.

[0171] The flat surfaces that provide translation movement in Erickson are either circular or elongated. However, in the circular embodiments, since there is very little medial-lateral movement in natural spinal movement, the circular designs of Erickson do not readily mimic the natural spinal movements. In the elongated embodiments, Erickson teaches that the elongated embodiment provides movement along only one axis. Accordingly, if an elongated (uniaxial) design of Erickson is selected, any misalignment of the components in the M-L axis can not be easily corrected by simple translation of this motion surface.

[0172] Therefore, in some embodiments, the core member and its slightly curved or substantially flat translation surface are adapted to provide a translation surface that provides for substantial movement in the A-P axis and lesser movement in the M-L axis. When this embodiment is selected, the device provides not only the degree of A-P movement that substantially mimics the A-P motion of the natural intervertebral disc but also a limited amount of M-L motion that allows the surgeon to use this interface to compensate for any surgical misalignment of the prosthetic vertebral endplates.

[0173] Therefore, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided intervertebral motion disc comprising:

[0174] a) a first prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising:

[0175] i) an outer surface adapted to be attached to a first vertebral body, and

[0176] ii) an inner surface comprising a first articulation surface,

[0177] b) a core member comprising:

[0178] i) a first articulation surface, and

[0179] wherein the first articulation surface of the core member and the first articulation surface of the first endplate are adapted to form a first articulation interface having a range of anterior-posterior A-P motion and a range of medial-lateral M-L motion,

[0180] wherein the range of A-P motion is between 1.5 and 50 times greater than the range of M-L motion.

[0181] Preferably, the maximum range of A-P motion is between 1.5 and 50 times greater than the maximum range of M-L motion, more preferably between 1.5 and 8 times, more preferably between 4 and 8 times, more preferably between 5 and 7 times, and still more preferably between 5.5 and 6.5 times.

[0182] In some embodiments designed for use in the lumbar spine, the maximum range of A-P motion is between 2 and 5 mm, preferably between 3 and 4 mm, and the maximum range of M-L motion is between 0.25 mm and 2 mm, preferably between 0.25 mm and 1 mm.

[0183] Now referring to FIG. 11, in preferred embodiments, the channel is defined by a length L_(CH) and a width W_(CH), the articulation surface portion of the channel is defined by a length L_(MS) and a width W_(MS), and the core member is defined by a diameter D_(CO). As shown in FIG. 11, the length of the articulation surface does not include the space occupied by a tab T.

[0184] Preferably, the length of the articulation surface LMS is between about 10% to about 50% greater than the diameter D_(CO) of the core. When this range is achieved in typical geometries, the core member can move between about 1 mm and about 5 mm in the anterior-posterior direction. Within this range, the core member has translation capability that mimics typical anatomical anterior-posterior motion.

[0185] Preferably, the width of the channel W_(CH) is between about 5% and about 20% greater than the diameter D_(CO) of the core. When this range is achieved in typical geometries, the core can move between about 0.5 mm and about 2 mm in the medial-lateral direction. This 0.5-2 mm of freedom may correct for misplacement of the pivotal articulation surface elements.

[0186] Preferably, when the channel has a closed end, the length of the channel L_(CH) extends to between about 60% to 80% the distance from the anterior wall to the posterior wall of the endplate. When this range is achieved, the core can reside substantially near the anatomically typical vertical axis of rotation.

[0187] In preferred embodiments, each of the inferior endplate, superior endplate and core member is manufactured from a material that possesses the strength and high wear resistance desired for use as a motion disc component.

[0188] These components of the present invention may be made from any non-resorbable material appropriate for human surgical implantation, including but not limited to, surgically appropriate metals, and non-metallic materials, such as carbon fiber composites, polymers and ceramics.

[0189] If a metal is chosen as the material of construction for a component, then the metal is preferably selected from the group consisting of titanium, titanium alloys (such as Ti-6Al-4V), chrome alloys (such as CrCo or Cr—Co—Mo) and stainless steel.

[0190] If an articulation interface is formed from first and second metal articulation surfaces, then the components are preferably manufactured so that the grains of the first metal articulation surface are disposed substantially perpendicular to the grains of the second metal articulation surface grains of the first metal articulation surface.

[0191] Therefore, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided an intervertebral motion disc comprising:

[0192] a) a first prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising:

[0193] i) an outer surface adapted to be attached to a first vertebral body, and

[0194] ii) an inner surface comprising a first articulation surface comprising a first metal having grains oriented in a first direction, and

[0195] b) a core member comprising:

[0196] i) a first articulation surface comprising a metal having grains oriented in a second direction,

[0197] wherein the first articulation surface of the core member and the first articulation surface of the first endplate are adapted to form a first articulation interface, and

[0198] wherein the first and second directions of grain orientation are not parallel.

[0199] If a polymer is chosen as a material of construction for a component, then the polymer is preferably selected from the group consisting of polyesters, (particularly aromatic esters such as polyalkylene terephthalates, polyamides; polyalkenes; poly(vinyl fluoride); PTFE; polyarylethyl ketone PAEK; and mixtures thereof.

[0200] If a ceramic is chosen as the material of construction for a component, then the ceramic is preferably selected from the group consisting of alumina, zirconia and mixtures thereof. It is preferred to select an alumina-zirconia ceramic, such as BIOLOX delta™, available from CeramTec of Plochingen, Germany. Depending on the material chosen, a smooth surface coating may be provided thereon to improve performance and reduce particulate wear debris.

[0201] The present inventors believe that metal-ceramic interfaces will provide the best resistance to wear. Accordingly, in particularly preferred embodiments, there is provided an intervertebral motion disc comprising:

[0202] a) a first prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising:

[0203] i) an outer surface adapted to mate with a first vertebral body, and

[0204] ii) an inner surface comprising a first articulation surface comprising a non-ceramic material

[0205] b) a core member comprising:

[0206] i) a first articulation surface comprising a ceramic, and

[0207] wherein the first articulation surface of the core member and the first articulation surface of the first endplate are adapted to form a first articulation interface.

[0208] More preferably, the second articulation interface will also have a corresponding ceramic-metal interface.

[0209] In some preferred embodiments, the entire core member consists essentially of a ceramic, preferably a sintered polycrystalline ceramic. Preferably, the sintered polycrystalline ceramic comprises at least 50 wt % of a material selected from the group consisting of alumina, zirconia, and alumina-zirconia mixtures. In some alumina-zirconia mixture embodiments, the ceramic comprises 10-30 wt % alumina.

[0210] In some alumina-zirconia mixture embodiments, the ceramic comprises 70-90 wt % alumina. In some embodiments, the ceramic comprises alumina having a median grain size of no more than 5 micron, preferably less than 3 microns, more preferably less than 2 microns, more preferably less than one micron. In some embodiments, the ceramic comprises tetragonal zirconia having a median grain size of no more 2 microns, more preferably less than one micron. In some embodiments, the ceramic comprises alumina made from a seeded gel process.

[0211] In some embodiments, the core member is polyethylene.

[0212] In some preferred embodiments, the first endplate consists essentially of a metallic material, preferably a titanium alloy or a chrome-cobalt alloy. In some preferred embodiments, the second endplate consists essentially of the same metallic material as the first plate.

[0213] In some embodiments, the articulation surfaces of the endplates may be coated with a wear-resistant coating, such as diamond film, in order to reduce wear.

[0214] In some embodiments, the endplates are made of a stainless steel alloy, preferably BioDur^(R) CCM Plus^(R) Alloy available from Carpenter Specialty Alloys, Carpenter Technology Corporation of Wyomissing, Pa.; and the core member is made of polyethylene, preferably Marathon™, available from DePuy Orthopaedics of Warsaw, Ind. In some embodiments, the endplate articulation surfaces are coated with a sintered beadcoating, preferably Porocoat™, available from DePuy Orthopaedics of Warsaw, Ind.

[0215] In some embodiments, the endplates are made from a composite comprising carbon fiber. Composites comprising carbon fiber are advantageous in that they typically have a strength and stiffness that is superior to neat polymer materials such as a polyarylethyl ketone PAEK.

[0216] Therefore, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided an intervertebral motion disc comprising:

[0217] a) a first prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising:

[0218] i) an outer surface adapted to be attached to a first vertebral body, and

[0219] ii) an inner surface comprising a first articulation surface comprising a composite comprising carbon fiber, and

[0220] b) a core member comprising:

[0221] i) a first articulation surface comprising a metal,

[0222] wherein the first articulation surface of the core member and the first articulation surface of the first endplate are adapted to form a first articulation interface.

[0223] Also in accordance with the present invention, there is provided an intervertebral motion disc comprising:

[0224] a) a first prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising:

[0225] i) an outer surface adapted to be attached to a first vertebral body,

[0226] ii) an inner surface comprising a first articulation surface, and

[0227] iii) a body portion therebetween comprising carbon fiber, and

[0228] b) a core member comprising:

[0229] i) a first articulation surface,

[0230] wherein the first articulation surface of the core member and the first articulation surface of the first endplate are adapted to form a first articulation interface.

[0231] Preferably, the composite comprising carbon fiber further comprises a polymer. Preferably, the polymer is a polyarylethyl ketone PAEK. More preferably, the PAEK is selected from the group consisting of polyetherether ketone PEEK, polyether ketone ketone PEKK and polyether ketone PEK. In preferred embodiments, the PAEK is PEEK.

[0232] In some embodiments, the carbon fiber comprises between 1 vol % and 60 vol % (more preferably, between 10 vol % and 50 vol %) of the composite. In some embodiments, the polymer and carbon fibers are homogeneously mixed. In others, the material is a laminate. In some embodiments, the carbon fiber is present as chopped state. Preferably, the chopped carbon fibers have a median length of between 1 mm and 12 mm, more preferably between 4.5 mm and 7.5 mm. In some embodiments, the carbon fiber is present as continuous strands.

[0233] In especially preferred embodiments, the composite comprises:

[0234] a) 40-99% (more preferably, 60-80 vol %) polyarylethyl ketone PAEK, and

[0235] b) 1-60% (more preferably, 20-40 vol %) carbon fiber,

[0236] wherein the polyarylethyl ketone PAEK is selected from the group consisting of polyetherether ketone PEEK, polyether ketone ketone PEKK and polyether ketone PEK.

[0237] In some embodiments, the composite consists essentially of PAEK and carbon fiber. More preferably, the composite comprises 60-80 wt % PAEK and 20-40 wt % carbon fiber. Still more preferably the composite comprises 65-75 wt % PAEK and 25-35 wt % carbon fiber.

[0238] If both the core and endplates are made of materials having a significantly high stiffness, then the device may not fully mimic the shock absorbing function of the natural intervertebral disc.

[0239] Therefore, in order to augment the shock absorbing function of the core member, in some embodiments, the core member comprises a shock-absorbing component characterized by a specified range of a spring constant.

[0240] Therefore, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided intervertebral motion disc comprising:

[0241] a) a first prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising:

[0242] i) an outer surface adapted to be attached to a first vertebral body, and

[0243] ii) an inner surface comprising a first articulation surface, and

[0244] b) a core member comprising a stiff component and a shock absorbing component having a spring constant of between 500 N/mm and 1000 N/mm, and comprising:

[0245] i) a first articulation surface,

[0246] wherein the first articulation surface of the core member and the first articulation surface of the first endplate are adapted to form a first articulation interface.

[0247] In some embodiments, the core member comprises a stiff component and a shock-absorbing component, and the shock-absorbing component has a spring constant of between about 500 N/mm and 1000 N/mm and a thickness of between 1 mm and 5 mm. When the shock-absorbing component is so designed, it can absorb between about 1000N and 2000 N of load.

[0248] In some embodiments, the shock absorbing function of the core is provided by a spring within the core member. Therefore, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a core member for articulation between first and second prosthetic vertebral endplates, comprising:

[0249] i) a first portion having a first articulation surface adapted for articulation with a first articulation surface of the first prosthetic vertebral endplate,

[0250] ii) a second portion having a second articulation surface adapted for articulation with a first articulation surface of the second prosthetic vertebral endplate, and

[0251] iii) a spring portion disposed between the first and second portions.

[0252] Now referring to FIG. 13, in some embodiments, the spring may be provided by simply manufacturing upper and lower halves of a core member, and then attaching the opposite ends of a compression spring to the opposite ends of the core halves. For example, in FIG. 18, upper core half 721 comprises a first articulation surface 723 and a lower attachment surface 725, while lower core half 731 comprises a second articulation surface 733 and an upper attachment surface 735. Compression spring 741 comprises upper end 743 and lower end 745, wherein the upper end 743 is attached to the lower attachment surface 725 of the upper core half, and the lower end 745 is attached to the upper attachment surface 735 of the lower core half.

[0253] Now referring to FIG. 14, in other embodiments, the spring action is provided by first providing an integral core member having opposing articulation surfaces 751,753 and then shaping the surface of the intermediate portion of the core member with a cutting tool to provide at least one recess 755 therein that provides the spring effect. In some embodiments, the intermediate surface comprises multiple recesses spaced to provide the spring effect. In other embodiments, a helical recess is provided, as in FIG. 14. In other embodiments, the helical recess is made by using a wire and a spinning fixture to produce a deep helical slit in the core member.

[0254] Now referring to FIG. 15, the locking tab 71 is adapted to securely lock in the channel after the core member has been inserted and to retain the core member within the channel. In one preferred embodiment, the locking tab comprises a body portion 82 having deformable arms 78 extending therefrom and oriented substantially parallel to each other to fit within the channel of the superior endplate. Each arm 78 further comprises a laterally extending wing 79. Because the wingspan defined by the wings is greater than the width of the channel, the arms are deflected inwards as the tab is slid into the retaining channel. These wings are further designed to fit within sockets 32 (of FIG. 3) laterally disposed within the channel so that the deflected arms can move back to their original parallel orientation when the wings are accepted by the channel sockets, thereby locking tab securely in place.

[0255] The locking tab should be manufactured from a material with the requisite elasticity such as stainless steel, plastic, or nitinol. However, in some embodiments, the elasticity of the locking tab may be relatively low, thereby making it difficult to provide the snap-in function. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the locking means is fastened to the prosthetic vertebral endplate by a fastener such as a screw or anchor.

[0256] In preferred embodiments, the locking tab is sized so as to allow the core member to move in the A-P direction. However, in other embodiments, the locking tab may be sized so as to substantially prevent any A-P movement of the core member.

[0257] Now referring to FIG. 16, in some embodiments, the locking tab further comprises an attachment portion 1001 extending from the body of the tab and adapted to attach to a patient's vertebral body. The attachment portion provides an opportunity for short term fixation of the motion disc within the disc space.

[0258] In other embodiments, the means for limiting translation comprises:

[0259] a) a pin and slot arrangement (preferably spring loaded) wherein the slot runs in the direction of the channel,

[0260] b) a sliding door disposed near the first opening, and

[0261] c) a hinged door disposed near the first opening.

[0262] In some embodiments, the means for limiting translation comprises a third component shaped to be inserted into the channel from the direction of the inner surface of the endplate.

[0263] Now referring to FIG. 15, in some embodiments, the tab is provided with an inner surface 81 adapted to mate with the outer surface of the core member. In preferred embodiments, the inner surface of the tab is concave and substantially hemispherical.

[0264] In some embodiments, the inner surface of the tab can be further shaped so as to provide substantial translational motion. Now referring to FIG. 17, the tab 601 comprises an inner surface having an elongated portion 603 and a hemispherical portion 605, wherein the elongated portion allows for substantial translation of the core 607 therein. In this case, the channel 609 formed within the inner surface of the endplate 611 can be relatively short. In other embodiments, the channel formed within the inner surface of the endplate can be simply a back wall. The tab of this embodiment can be affixed to the endplate by any conventional means.

[0265] Therefore, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided an intervertebral motion disc comprising:

[0266] a) a first prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising:

[0267] i) an outer surface adapted to be attached to a first vertebral body, and

[0268] ii) an inner surface comprising:

[0269] a first articulation surface, and

[0270] a raised portion extending from the inner surface substantially adjacent the first articulation surface and having first and second ends, and

[0271] b) a removable tab having first and second ends,

[0272] wherein the tab is attached to the endplate and oriented so that the first end of the raised portion is substantially adjacent the first end of the tab, and the second end of the raised portion is substantially adjacent the second end of the tab to form an enclosure which substantially encloses the first articulation surface.

[0273] Now referring to FIG. 18, in some embodiments, the translation surface of the retaining channel is disposed below the level of peripheral surface 115 of the prosthetic vertebral endplate. In this case, the interior portion of the outer surface of the endplate forms a keel to promote the initial and long-term stability of the device, and the translation surface 123 of the retaining channel is contained within the keel. In addition, this embodiment allows the translation surface of the core member to contact the translation surface 123 of the endplate at a much lower location. Therefore, either the overall height of the device could be reduced (thereby allowing for easier insertion of the core member) or the height of the core member could be increased (to provide increased strength). In addition, the large surface area of the keel could be porous coated to promote bony ingrowth.

[0274] Therefore, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a prosthetic vertebral endplate 111 comprising:

[0275] i) an outer surface 113 having a peripheral portion 115 and an interior portion 117, each portion being adapted to be attached to a vertebral body, and

[0276] ii) an inner surface 119 comprising an opening 120 forming a channel 121 defining a channel depth DE_(CH),

[0277] wherein the peripheral portions of the inner and outer surfaces define a peripheral depth DE_(p), and

[0278] wherein the channel depth is at least 80% of (and preferably is at least as great as) the peripheral depth.

[0279] Also in accordance with the present invention, there is provided prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising:

[0280] i) an outer surface having:

[0281] a) a peripheral portion adapted to mate with a vertebral body, and

[0282] b) and an interior portion forming a keel having a width,

[0283] ii) an inner surface comprising an opening forming a channel having a width,

[0284] wherein the keel width is greater than the channel width.

[0285] In this condition, the keel is wide enough to accommodate at least a portion of the channel and therefore at least a portion of the core member. When the keel can accommodate the core member, the overall height of the device may be advantageously decreased.

[0286] Whereas the embodiments of the present invention disclosed thus far each possess an open-ended channel having a pair of side walls for limiting the medial-lateral translation motion of the core member, other embodiments of the present invention possess other means for limiting the medial-lateral translation motion of the core member while allowing easy A-P insertion of the core member.

[0287] Now referring to FIG. 19, there is provided an endplate 1201 having an inner surface 1203 and a projection 1205 extending therefrom. The projection runs from the anterior wall 1207 to the posterior wall 1209 of the endplate. Core member 1211 has a recess 1213 having a shape that mates with the projection 1205. Sidewalls 1215 and 1217 of the projection limit the lateral translation of the core member. The articulation surface of the endplate may be either the inner surface 1203 or the upper surface 1217 of the projection.

[0288] Expulsion of the core member of this embodiment can be prevented by any number of means. For example, after the core member is slid upon the projection locking clips can be put in place at either end of the projection. Alternatively, the upper surface of the projection can comprise at least one flexible tab that allows passage of the recess of the core member towards the inner portion of the endplate, but prevents its passage back out.

[0289] Therefore, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided an intervertebral motion disc comprising:

[0290] a) a first prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising:

[0291] i) an outer surface adapted to be attached to a first vertebral body, and

[0292] ii) an inner surface comprising a first articulation surface, and

[0293] iii) an elongated rail extending from the inner surface,

[0294] b) a core member comprising:

[0295] i) a first articulation surface, and

[0296] ii) an elongated slot for receiving the rail,

[0297] wherein the first articulation surface of the core member and the first articulation surface of the first endplate are adapted to form a first articulation interface, and

[0298] the elongated rail is received in the elongated slot.

[0299] Although the primary function of the guide rails on the superior and inferior prosthetic endplates is to mate with instrumentation during the surgical procedure, they are also designed to accommodate the addition of optional device components. For example, if the surgeon sought to render the device completely immobile for the first few weeks immediately following implantation, the surgeon could add a stabilizing component to the device. For example, one possible geometry for such a stabilization component would be a “U” shape that could be slid into place along the guide rails. In the preferred embodiment, the stabilization component could be made of a bioresorbable material that would provide support for a few weeks after implantation and then resorb and allow the device to restore motion to the spinal segment.

[0300] In other embodiments, the additional stabilization component can transform the motion disc into a permanent spacer that prevents motion. In this case, the component would likely be used by a surgeon in a revision case. If the patient continued to experience pain or other problems after the implantation of the artificial disc replacement device, then the surgeon may feel that it would be best to reoperate and substantially eliminate motion from the spinal segment. Since the removal of implants is often problematic, the stabilization component would provide a much-desired alternative. Rather than removing the artificial disc replacement device, the surgeon could simply slide the stabilization member into place and essentially convert the motion disc into a spacer.

[0301] Therefore, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided intervertebral spacer, comprising:

[0302] a) a first motion segment comprising:

[0303] i) an outer surface adapted to mate with a first vertebral body,

[0304] ii) an inner surface comprising a motion surface, and

[0305] iii) a body portion therebetween having an anterior portion and a posterior portion, and

[0306] b) a second motion segment comprising:

[0307] i) an outer surface adapted to mate with a second vertebral body,

[0308] ii) an inner surface comprising a motion surface, and

[0309] iii) a body portion therebetween having an anterior portion and a posterior portion, and

[0310] c) a spacing component having a first surface and an opposing second surface,

[0311] wherein the motion surfaces are adapted to form a motion interface, and

[0312] wherein the spacing component is disposed between the inner surfaces of the motion segments to substantially prevent motion at the motion interface.

[0313] In some embodiments, the spacing component is substantially U-shaped.

[0314] Preferably, the substantially U-shaped spacing component has first and second end portions disposed substantially parallel to each other. In some embodiments, the first end of the spacing component is oriented substantially in the anterior-posterior direction, while in others, the first end of the spacing component is oriented at a substantial angle from the anterior-posterior direction. Preferably, this spacing component is adapted to be inserted from the anterior direction.

[0315] In some embodiments adapted to be inserted from the posterior direction, the spacing component comprises first and second independent bodies.

[0316] In some embodiments, the spacing component comprises a biologic enhancement selected from the group consisting of osteoinductive materials, osteoconductive materials, and osteogenic materials.

[0317] In some embodiments, the spacing component comprises stem cells.

[0318] The present invention is designed such that the implantation of the device can be accomplished in a straightforward manner with a minimum of distraction. The guides are designed such that the superior and inferior prosthetic vertebral endplates can be placed on an instrument that will hold them very close together without allowing the articulation surfaces to touch. The prosthetic vertebral endplates can then be inserted into the disc space in this position. This allows the surgeon to insert these components without having to significantly overdistract the disc space. The instrument can then separate the prosthetic vertebral endplates and securely force them against their respective natural vertebral endplates. At this point, a sizing tool can be used to determine the ideal height of the disc space and the appropriately sized core member can be selected. The core member is then slid into place within the retaining channel and the instrument is removed. The surgeon can then perform a final check of the placement and sizing of the device. If the surgeon is satisfied, the locking tab is secured in place.

[0319] In preferred embodiments, the disc can be inserted modularly into the disc space, wherein the endplates are first inserted (either at the same time or consecutively) and then the core member is inserted. Because the distance separating the endplates at the periphery of the disc exceeds the height of a concave core member, the core member may be inserted between the prosthetic endplates without excessive overdistraction of the disc space.

[0320] Therefore, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a intervertebral motion disc comprising:

[0321] a) a first prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising:

[0322] i) an outer surface adapted to be attached to a first vertebral body,

[0323] ii) an inner surface comprising an inner portion and a peripheral portion,

[0324] wherein at least one of the portions comprises a first articulation surface, and

[0325] b) a second prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising:

[0326] i) an outer surface adapted to be attached to a second vertebral body,

[0327] ii) an inner surface comprising an inner portion and a peripheral portion,

[0328] wherein at least one of the portions comprises a first articulation surface,

[0329] c) a core member comprising:

[0330] i) a first articulation surface adapted for articulation with the first articulation surface of the first endplate, and

[0331] ii) a second articulation surface adapted for articulation with the first articulation surface of the second endplate, and

[0332] d) means for limiting the translation motion of the core member,

[0333] wherein the core member is disposed between the endplates and oriented therein to produce a first articulation interface between the first articulation surface of the first endplate and the first articulation surface of the core member, and a second articulation interface between the first articulation surface of the second endplate and the second articulation surface of the core member, and a distance between the peripheral portions of the first and second endplates, and

[0334] wherein the distance between the peripheral portions is greater than the height of the core member.

[0335] Because the motion disc of the present invention will substantially mimic the motion of the natural interverterbal disc, there may be times in which the spine hyperextends to create an extreme lordotic posture. In these situations, the distance between the anterior portions of the prosthetic vertebral endplates may become unacceptably large. In order to limit the extent of lordotic hyperextension, in some embodiments, a ligament is attached between the anterior portions of the endplates.

[0336] Therefore, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided an intervertebral motion disc comprising:

[0337] a) a first motion segment comprising:

[0338] i) an outer surface adapted to mate with a first vertebral body,

[0339] ii) an inner surface comprising a motion surface, and

[0340] iii) a body portion therebetween having an anterior portion and a posterior portion,

[0341] b) a second motion segment comprising:

[0342] i) an outer surface adapted to mate with a second vertebral body,

[0343] ii) an inner surface comprising a motion surface, and

[0344] iii) a body portion therebetween having an anterior portion and a posterior portion, and

[0345] c) a ligament having a first end and a second end,

[0346] wherein the motion surfaces are adapted to form a motion interface, and

[0347] wherein the first end of the ligament is connected to the anterior portion of the first motion segment and the second end of the ligament is connected to the anterior portion of the second motion segment.

[0348] Preferably, the ligament comprises a biocompatible flexible material. More preferably, the biocompatible flexible material is selected from the group consisting of:

[0349] i) a polyester fiber weave,

[0350] ii) an elastic material (such as silicon, polyurethane, and natural rubber),

[0351] iii) a polyvinyl material, and

[0352] iv) a biological material capable of forming a scaffold for natural regeneration of a resected ligament, such as small intestinal submucosa SIS.

[0353] Although the present invention has been described with reference to its preferred embodiments, those skillful in the art will recognize changes that may be made in form and structure which do not depart from the spirit of the invention.

[0354] For example, any of the devices disclosed in the FIGS. may be rotated 180 degrees such that the inferior and superior endplates swap places. In addition, the articulation surfaces of the core member could be made either concave or convex. For example, FIG. 20 provides one such alternative embodiment wherein the core member has a convex articulation surface. Moreover, additional components could be added to the device to enhance the design such as screws through the endplates to provide for improved fixation as shown in FIG. 25.

[0355] Now referring to FIGS. 21a and 21 b, there is provided an alternative embodiment of the present invention. The intervertebral motion disc of FIG. 21 is substantially similar to the motion disc of FIG. 1, with the following modifications:

[0356] First, the relative size of the core member in FIGS. 21a and 21 b is substantially larger than that of the core member in FIG. 1 and is preferably made of a polymeric material such as polyethylene.

[0357] Second, the second articulation interface formed by the core member and the upper endplate is slightly curved and hemicylindrical. The slight curve of the hemicylinder is oriented in the A-P direction (as shown in FIG. 21b), while the linear dimension thereof is oriented in the M-L direction (as shown in FIG. 21a). The articulation interfaces are oriented in the same direction.

[0358] Now referring to FIGS. 22a and 22 b, there is provided a motion disc substantially similar to that shown in FIGS. 21a and 21 b, except that the slight curve of the hemicylinder is oriented in the M-L direction (as shown in FIG. 22a), while the linear dimension thereof is oriented in the A-P direction (as shown in FIG. 22b).

[0359] Now referring to FIG. 23, there is provided an endplate for a motion disc wherein the sidewall of the endplate comprises a third opening 301 in communication with the first opening in the sidewall and the second opening in the inner surface, so that the channel formed thereby is substantially open at each of its ends. A small lip 305 rises from the bottom surface of the posterior end of the channel and functions to keep the core from sliding out the posterior end of the channel.

[0360] Now referring to FIG. 24, there is provided another embodiment of the present invention in which the means comprises a locking tab comprising first and second arms, the endplate further comprises first and second lateral wall portions comprising first and second respective recesses, wherein the first arm is shaped to be secured to the endplate in the the first recess, and the second arm is shaped to be secured to the endplate in the second recess. In this FIG., the tab is secured in place.

[0361] Now referring to FIG. 25, there is provided another embodiment of the present invention in which one endplate is adapted to receive a screw for fixation to an adjacent vertebra. In this FIG., the screw is received within the through-hole.

[0362] Now referring to FIGS. 26a and 26 b, there is provided an alternative embodiment of the present invention. The intervertebral motion disc of FIGS. 26a and b is substantially similar to the motion discs described above, with the following modifications: First, the endplate fins are now located more laterally on the outer surfaces of the prosthetic endplates in order to better resist lateral migration. Second, a more substantial radius has been provided on the posterior edges of the outer surfaces of the prosthetic endplates in order to provide a better anatomical fit with the natural endplate. Third, the core material is made of a standard, non-cross-linked ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. In addition, the core component may include tantalum markers for x-ray visualization. Fourth, the prosthetic endplates are made of a standard CoCr material. Fifth, the central portions of the outer surfaces of the prosthetic endplates each have a recessed portion for providing a better fixation. In other embodiments, the central recessed portion is removed and the entire outer surfaces of the endplates are coated with an HA-based coating.

[0363]FIG. 27 discloses an isometric view of a superior endplate of the present invention having a pair of notches on its inner surface for mating with an insertion instrument. 

We claim:
 1. A prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising: i) an outer surface adapted to mate with a vertebral body, ii) an inner surface having a first opening thereon, iii) a body portion connecting the inner and outer surfaces and defining a sidewall comprising a second opening thereon, and iv) an articulation surface suitable for supporting articulation motion, wherein the first and second openings communicate to form a channel having a first open end.
 2. The endplate of claim 1 wherein the articulation surface is disposed within the channel.
 3. The endplate of claim 1 wherein the sidewall has an anterior portion, and the channel has a bottom surface extending smoothly to the anterior portion of the sidewall.
 4. The endplate of claim 1 wherein the channel has a bottom surface having a lip extending therefrom towards the inner surface.
 5. The endplate of claim 4 wherein the lip is disposed substantially near the sidewall.
 6. The endplate of claim 4 wherein the lip has a height that is no more than 80% of the height of the channel.
 7. The endplate of claim 1 wherein the articulation surface is disposed upon the inner surface.
 8. The endplate of claim 1 wherein the sidewall further comprises a third opening thereon, wherein the first and third openings communicate to form a second open end in the channel.
 9. The endplate of claim 1 wherein the articulation surface is substantially flat.
 10. The endplate of claim 1 wherein the articulation surface is slightly hemicylindrical.
 11. The endplate of claim 10 wherein the slightly hemicylindrical articulation surface has an anterior-posterior curve.
 12. The endplate of claim 10 wherein the slightly hemicylindrical articulation surface has a medial-lateral curve.
 13. The endplate of claim 1 wherein the articulation surface is slightly hemispherical.
 14. The endplate of claim 1 wherein the articulation surface is slightly curved.
 15. The endplate of claim 1 wherein the sidewall has an anterior portion and a posterior portion, and the open end of the channel opens upon the anterior portion of the sidewall.
 16. The endplate of claim 1 wherein the articulation surface is slightly concave.
 17. The endplate of claim 1 wherein the articulation surface is slightly convex.
 18. The endplate of claim 1 wherein the articulation surface has a surface roughness Ra of no more than 10 nm.
 19. The endplate of claim 1 wherein the sidewall has an anterior portion and a posterior portion, and the channel runs in a substantially anterior-posterior direction.
 20. The endplate of claim 1 wherein channel has an anterior surface and a raised posterior articulation surface.
 21. An intervertebral motion disc comprising: a) a prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising: i) an outer surface adapted to mate with a vertebral body, ii) an inner surface having a first opening thereon, iii) a body portion connecting the inner and outer surfaces and defining a sidewall comprising a second opening thereon, and iv) a first articulation surface suitable for supporting articulation motion, wherein the first and second openings communicate to form a channel having a first open end, and b) a core member having a first articulation surface suitable for supporting articulation motion, wherein the core member is disposed within the channel and oriented therein to produce a first articulation interface between the first articulation surface of the first endplate and the first articulation surface of the core member.
 22. The disc of claim 21 wherein the articulation interface is a conforming interface.
 23. The disc of claim 21 wherein the core member has a lip and the channel has a sidewall having an undercut shaped for receiving the lip.
 24. The disc of claim 21 wherein the first articulation surface of the core is disposed within the channel to produce a first articulation interface within the channel.
 25. The disc of claim 24 wherein the first articulation surface of the core is disposed only within the channel.
 26. The disc of claim 21 wherein the core has a projection shaped to be received in the channel, and the first articulation surface of the core is disposed upon the inner surface.
 27. The disc of claim 21 wherein the first articulation surface is disposed upon the inner surface.
 28. The disc of claim 21 wherein the sidewall has an anterior and a posterior portion, and wherein the core and the channel are adapted to provide a range of anterior-posterior A-P motion and a range of medial-lateral M-L motion, wherein the range of A-P motion is between 1.5 and 8 times the range of M-L motion.
 29. The disc of claim 21 wherein the core and the channel are adapted to provide substantially only A-P motion.
 30. The disc of claim 21 wherein the articulation interface forms a hemicylindrical interface.
 31. The disc of claim 30 wherein the hemicylindrical interface has a linear dimension and a curved dimension, and the linear dimension is disposed in the A-P direction, and the curved dimension is disposed in the M-L direction.
 32. The disc of claim 30 wherein the hemicylindrical interface has a linear dimension and a curved dimension, and the linear dimension is disposed in the M-L direction and the curved dimension is disposed in the A-P direction.
 33. The disc of claim 21 wherein the articulation interface has a length and the core member has a diameter, and the length of the articulation interface is between 10% and 50% of the diameter of the core.
 34. The disc of claim 21 wherein the channel has a width and the core member has a diameter, and the width of the channel is between 5% and 20% greater than the diameter of the core.
 35. The disc of claim 21 further comprising: c) means for retaining the core member within the channel.
 36. The disc of claim 35 wherein the means for retaining the core member comprises a third component.
 37. The disc of claim 36 wherein the third component is a tab shaped for insertion into the channel, and wherein the tab is disposed within the channel.
 38. The disc of claim 37 wherein the tab comprises a body portion and deformable arms extending from the body portion.
 39. The disc of claim 38 wherein each deformable arm comprises a wing extending therefrom.
 40. The disc of claim 39 wherein the channel has a sidewall defining a first width and the wings define a wingspan, and wherein the wingspan exceeds the first width of the channel.
 41. The disc of claim 40 wherein the sidewall further comprises opposing socket extending therein, and the wings are shaped to be received within the sockets.
 42. The disc of claim 37 wherein the core member has an anterior portion having a shape, the tab comprises a posterior portion having a shape, and the shape of the anterior portion of the core member substantially conforms to the shape of the posterior portion of the tab.
 43. The disc of claim 37 wherein the tab is fastened to the endplate by a fastener.
 44. The disc of claim 37 wherein the tab is disposed within the channel so as to allow the core member to move within the channel in an anterior-posterior A-P direction.
 45. The disc of claim 37 wherein the tab is disposed within the channel so as to prevent the core member from moving within the channel in an anterior-posterior A-P direction.
 46. The disc of claim 37 wherein the tab has a body portion and an attachment portion extending from the body portion, wherein the attachment portion is shaped to attach to a vertebra.
 47. The disc of claim 35 wherein the means comprises a pin and a slot associated with the core and prosthetic vertebral endplate.
 48. The disc of claim 47 wherein the pin projects from the channel and the slot is disposed upon the core member.
 49. The disc of claim 48 wherein the pin has a length and a width and the length is greater than the width.
 50. The disc of claim 47 wherein the pin projects from the core member and the slot is disposed within the channel.
 51. The disc of claim 35 wherein the means comprises a third component comprising a flexible material and is shaped to be inserted into the channel from the direction of the inner surface of the endplate housing the channel.
 52. The disc of claim 35 wherein the means comprises a locking tab comprising first and second arms, the endplate further comprises first and second lateral wall portions comprising first and second respective recesses, wherein the first arm is shaped to be secured to the endplate in the the first recess, and the second arm is shaped to be secured to the endplate in the second recess.
 53. A prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising: i) an outer surface having a peripheral portion and an interior portion, the peripheral portion being adapted to mate with a vertebral body, and ii) an inner surface comprising an opening forming a channel defining a channel depth, wherein the peripheral portions of the inner and outer surfaces define a peripheral depth, and wherein the channel depth is at least 80% of the peripheral depth.
 54. The endplate of claim 53 wherein the channel depth is at least as great as the peripheral depth.
 55. The endplate of claim 53 wherein the interior portion of the outer surface is adapted to mate with the vertebral body.
 56. A prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising: i) an outer surface having: a) a peripheral portion adapted to mate with a vertebral body, and b) an interior portion forming a keel having a width, ii) an inner surface comprising an opening forming a channel having a width, wherein the keel width is greater than the channel width.
 57. An intervertebral motion disc comprising: a) a first motion segment comprising: i) an outer surface adapted to mate with a first vertebral body, ii) an inner surface comprising a first articulation surface, iii) a front and a back wall between the inner and outer surfaces, and iv) a pair of slots formed in the first motion segment, each slot running substantially from the front wall and opening onto the front wall, b) a second motion segment comprising: i) an outer surface adapted to mate with a second vertebral body, ii) an inner surface comprising a first articulation surface, and wherein the articulation surfaces are adapted to produce an articulation interface.
 58. The disc of claim 57 wherein the second motion segment comprises: a prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising the outer surface, and a core member comprising the first articulation surface.
 59. The disc of claim 58 wherein the core member further comprises a second articulation surface, and the prosthetic vertebral endplate further comprises an articulation surface adapted to form a second articulation interface with the second articulation surface.
 60. The disc of claim 57 wherein the second motion segment further comprises: iii) a front and a back wall between the inner and outer surfaces, and iv) a pair of slots formed in the segment, each slot running substantially from the front wall to the back wall and opening onto the front wall.
 61. The disc of claim 57 wherein each slot is oriented in a direction substantially normal to the back wall.
 62. The disc of claim 57 wherein each slot is oriented at a substantial angle to the back wall.
 63. The disc of claim 57 wherein the slots are oriented substantially parallel to each other.
 64. The disc of claim 57 further comprising: v) a first and second sidewalls formed between the inner and outer surfaces, wherein a first slot is formed in the first sidewall and a second slot is formed in the second sidewall.
 65. The disc of claim 57 wherein the inner surface comprises a raised inner portion having first and second raised sidewalls, wherein the first slot is formed in the first raised sidewall and the second slot is formed in the second raised sidewall.
 66. A method of implanting an intervertebral motion disc, comprising the sequential steps of: inserting into a disc space a partial motion disc comprising: a) a first prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising: i) an outer surface adapted to mate with a first vertebral body, and ii) an inner surface comprising a first motion surface, b) a second prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising: i) an outer surface adapted to mate with a second vertebral body, ii) an inner surface comprising an opening forming a channel comprising opposing side walls, a first open end and a second motion surface, and inserting into the open end of the channel a core member comprising: i) a first surface adapted for motion with the first motion surface, and ii) a second surface adapted for motion with the second motion surface, wherein the core member is disposed within the channel and oriented therein to provide a first motion with the first motion surface and a second motion with the second motion surface.
 67. The method of claim 66 wherein step a) comprises the sequential substeps of: i) inserting the first prosthetic vertebral endplate, and ii) inserting the second prosthetic vertebral endplate
 68. The method of claim 67 wherein the first and second endplates are inserted substantially simultaneously.
 69. The method of claim 68 further comprising the step of: c) inserting into the open end of the channel a tab to prevent expulsion of the core member from the channel.
 70. An intervertebral motion disc comprising: a) a first prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising: i) an outer surface adapted to mate with a first vertebral body, and ii) an inner surface comprising a first articulation surface comprising a non-ceramic material b) a core member comprising: i) a first articulation surface comprising a ceramic, and wherein the first articulation surface of the core member and the first articulation surface of the first endplate are adapted to form a first articulation interface.
 71. The disc of claim 70 wherein the non-ceramic material is selected from the group consisting of a metal, a polymer, and a composite comprising carbon fiber.
 72. The disc of claim 70 wherein the non-ceramic material is a metal.
 73. The disc of claim 72 wherein the metal is a Ti alloy.
 74. The disc of claim 72 wherein the metal is an alloy comprising Cr and Co.
 75. The disc of claim 74 wherein the alloy further comprises Mo.
 76. The disc of claim 72 wherein the metal is stainless steel.
 77. The disc of claim 70 wherein the non-ceramic material is a polymer.
 78. The disc of claim 70 wherein the non-ceramic material is a composite comprising carbon fiber.
 79. The disc of claim 70 wherein the ceramic is a polycrystalline sintered ceramic.
 80. The disc of claim 79 wherein the ceramic comprises at least 50 vol % alumina.
 81. The disc of claim 80 wherein the alumina is characterized by a grain size of less than 3 um.
 82. The disc of claim 80 wherein the alumina is characterized by a grain size of less than 1 um.
 83. The disc of claim 80 wherein the ceramic is formed by a seeded gel process.
 84. The disc of claim 80 wherein the ceramic comprises at least 50 vol % zirconia.
 85. The disc of claim 80 wherein the zirconia is characterized by a grain size of less than 1 um.
 86. The disc of claim 79 wherein the ceramic comprises at least 50 vol % of a mixture of alumina and zirconia.
 87. The disc of claim 86 wherein the mixture comprises between 10 wt % and 30 wt % alumina.
 88. The disc of claim 86 wherein the mixture comprises between 70 wt % and 90 wt % alumina.
 89. The disc of claim 70 further comprising: c) a second prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising: i) an outer surface adapted to mate with a second vertebral body, and ii) an inner surface comprising a first articulation surface comprising a non-ceramic material.
 90. An intervertebral motion disc comprising: a) a first prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising: i) an outer surface adapted to be attached to a first vertebral body, and ii) an inner surface comprising a first articulation surface comprising a composite comprising carbon fiber, b) a core member comprising: i) a first articulation surface comprising a metal, and wherein the first articulation surface of the core member and the first articulation surface of the first endplate are adapted to form a first articulation interface.
 91. The disc of claim 90 wherein the metal is a Ti alloy.
 92. The disc of claim 90 wherein the metal is an alloy comprising Cr and Co.
 93. The disc of claim 92 wherein the alloy further comprises Mo.
 94. The disc of claim 90 wherein the metal is stainless steel.
 95. The disc of claim 90 wherein the composite further comprises a polymer.
 96. The disc of claim 95 wherein the polymer is a PAEK selected from the group consisting of PEEK, PEKK and PEK.
 97. The disc of claim 96 wherein the PAEK is PEEK.
 98. The disc of claim 90 wherein the carbon fiber comprises between 1 and 60% of the composite.
 99. The disc of claim 90 wherein the carbon fiber comprises between 10 and 50% of the composite.
 100. The disc of claim 90 wherein the carbon fiber comprises between 20 and 40% of the composite.
 101. The disc of claim 90 wherein the carbon fiber comprises between 25 and 35% of the composite.
 102. The disc of claim 90 wherein the carbon fiber is present in the composite as a continuous fiber.
 103. The disc of claim 90 wherein the carbon fiber is present in the composite as a chopped fiber.
 104. The disc of claim 103 wherein the chopped fiber has a median length of between 1 and 12 mm.
 105. The disc of claim 90 wherein the composite further comprises a polymer, and the polymer and carbon fiber are homogeneously mixed throughout the composite.
 106. The disc of claim 90 wherein the composite further comprises a polymer, and the polymer and carbon fiber are provided in laminated form within the composite.
 107. A core member for articulation between first and second prosthetic vertebral endplates, comprising: i) a first portion having a first articulation surface adapted for articulation with a first articulation surface of the first prosthetic vertebral endplate, ii) a second portion having a second articulation surface adapted for articulation with a first articulation surface of the second prosthetic vertebral endplate, and iii) a spring portion disposed between the first and second portions.
 108. The core member of claim 107 wherein the first portion has a inner surface, the second portion has an inner surface, the spring portion comprises first and second ends, wherein the first end of the spring is connected to the inner surface of the first portion, and wherein the second end of the spring is connected to the inner surface of the second portion.
 109. The core member of claim 107 wherein the spring portion comprises a surface having at least one recess therein.
 110. The core member of claim 109 wherein the at least one recess is a helical recess.
 111. The core member of claim 109 wherein the at least one recess comprises a plurality of discrete recesses.
 112. An intervertebral motion disc comprising: a) a first prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising: i) an outer surface adapted to be attached to a first vertebral body, and ii) an inner surface comprising a first articulation surface, and b) a core member comprising a stiff component and a shock absorbing component having a spring constant of between 500 N/mm and 1000 N/mm, and comprising: i) a first articulation surface, wherein the first articulation surface of the core member and the first articulation surface of the first endplate are adapted to form a first articulation interface.
 113. The disc of claim 112 wherein the the shock absorbing component has a thickness of between about 1 mm and 5 mm.
 114. An intervertebral motion disc comprising: a) a first prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising: i) an outer surface adapted to be attached to a first vertebral body, ii) an inner surface comprising a first articulation surface, and iii) a body portion therebetween comprising carbon fiber, and b) a core member comprising: i) a first articulation surface, wherein the first articulation surface of the core member and the first articulation surface of the first endplate are adapted to form a first articulation interface.
 115. An intervertebral motion disc comprising: a) a first prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising: i) an outer surface adapted to be attached to a first vertebral body, ii) an inner surface comprising an inner portion and a peripheral portion, wherein at least one of the portions comprises a first articulation surface, and b) a second prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising: i) an outer surface adapted to be attached to a second vertebral body, ii) an inner surface comprising an inner portion and a peripheral portion, wherein at least one of the portions comprises a first articulation surface, and c) a core member comprising: i) a first articulation surface adapted for articulation with the first articulation surface of the first endplate, and ii) a second articulation surface adapted for articulation with the first articulation surface of the second endplate, d) means for limiting the translation motion of the core member, wherein the core member is disposed between the endplates and oriented therein to produce a first articulation interface between the first articulation surface of the first endplate and the first articulation surface of the core member, and a second articulation interface between the first articulation surface of the second endplate and the second articulation surface of the core member, and a distance between the peripheral portions of the first and second endplates, and wherein the distance between the peripheral portions is greater than the height of the core member.
 116. An intervertebral motion disc comprising: a) a first motion segment comprising: i) an outer surface adapted to mate with a first vertebral body, ii) an inner surface comprising a motion surface, and iii) a body portion therebetween having an anterior portion and a posterior portion, and b) a second motion segment comprising: i) an outer surface adapted to mate with a second vertebral body, ii) an inner surface comprising a motion surface, and iii) a body portion therebetween having an anterior portion and a posterior portion, and c) a ligament having a first end and a second end, wherein the motion surfaces are adapted to form a motion interface, and wherein the first end of the ligament is connected to the anterior portion of the first motion segment and the second end of the ligament is connected to the anterior portion of the second motion segment.
 117. The disc of claim 116 wherein the ligament comprises a biocompatible flexible material.
 118. The disc of claim 116 wherein the biocompatible flexible material is a polyester fiber weave.
 119. The disc of claim 116 wherein the biocompatible flexible material is an elastic material.
 120. The disc of claim 116 wherein the biocompatible flexible material is a polyvinyl material.
 121. The disc of claim 116 wherein the biocompatible flexible material is a biological material capable of forming a scaffold for natural regeneration of a resected ligament.
 122. An intervertebral spacer, comprising: a) a first motion segment comprising: i) an outer surface adapted to mate with a first vertebral body, ii) an inner surface comprising a motion surface, and iii) a body portion therebetween having an anterior portion and a posterior portion, and b) a second motion segment comprising: i) an outer surface adapted to mate with a second vertebral body, ii) an inner surface comprising a motion surface, and iii) a body portion therebetween having an anterior portion and a posterior portion, and c) a spacing component having a first surface and an opposing second surface, wherein the motion surfaces are adapted to form a motion interface, and wherein the spacing component is disposed between the inner surfaces of the motion segments to substantially prevent motion at the motion interface.
 123. The spacer of claim 122 wherein the spacing component is substantially U-shaped.
 124. The spacer of claim 122 wherein the substantially U-shaped spacing component has first and second end portions disposed substantially parallel to each other.
 125. The spacer of claim 124 wherein the first end of the spacing component is oriented substantially in the anterior-posterior direction.
 126. The spacer of claim 124 wherein the first end of the spacing component is oriented at a substantial angle from the anterior-posterior direction.
 127. The spacer of claim 122 wherein the spacing component is adapted to be inserted from the posterior direction.
 128. The spacer of claim 122 wherein the spacing component comprises first and second independent bodies.
 129. The spacer of claim 122 wherein the spacing component is adapted to be inserted from the anterior direction.
 130. The spacer of claim 122 wherein the spacing component comprises a biologic enhancement selected from the group consisting of osteoinductive materials, osteoconductive materials, and osteogenic materials.
 131. The spacer of claim 122 wherein the spacing component comprises stem cells.
 132. An intervertebral motion disc comprising: a) an upper prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising: i) an outer surface adapted to mate with an upper vertebral body, ii) an inner surface having a first articulation surface, b) a lower prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising: i) an outer surface adapted to mate with a lower vertebral body, and ii) an inner surface having a first articulation surface, c) a core member comprising: i) an upper articulation surface adapted for articulation with the first articulation surface of the upper endplate and having a radius, and ii) a lower articulation surface adapted for articulation with the first articulation surface of the lower endplate and having a radius, wherein the core member is disposed between the endplates and oriented therein to produce an upper articulation interface between the first articulation surface of the upper endplate and the upper articulation surface of the core member, and a lower articulation interface between the first articulation surface of the lower endplate and the lower articulation surface of the core member, wherein the radius of the upper articulation surface of the core member is greater than the radius of the lower articulation surface of the core member.
 133. The disc of claim 132 wherein the upper articulation interface forms a curved, non-spherical interface, and the lower articulation interface forms a spherical interface.
 134. The disc of claim 133 wherein the upper articulation interface forms a cylindrical interface.
 135. The disc of claim 132 wherein at least one interface is a conforming interface.
 136. The disc of claim 132 wherein each interface is a conforming interface.
 137. The disc of claim 132 wherein the upper articulation surface of the core member is convex, and the lower articulation surface of the core member is concave.
 138. The disc of claim 132 wherein the upper articulation surface of the core member is concave, and the lower articulation surface of the core member is convex.
 139. The disc of claim 132 wherein the radius of the upper articulation surface of the core member is at least 10 times greater than the radius of the lower articulation surface of the core member.
 140. The disc of claim 132 wherein the radius of the upper articulation surface of the core member is between about 40 mm and about 100 mm, and the radius of the lower articulation surface of the core member is between about 10 mm and about 30 mm.
 141. The disc of claim 132 wherein the radius of the upper articulation surface of the core member is between about 40 mm and about 80 mm
 142. The disc of claim 132 wherein the radius of the upper articulation surface of the core member is at least 2 times greater than the radius of lower articulation surface.
 143. An intervertebral motion disc comprising: a) a first prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising: i) an outer surface adapted to mate with a first vertebral body, ii) an inner surface having a first articulation surface, b) a second prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising: i) an outer surface adapted to mate with a second vertebral body, and ii) an inner surface having a first articulation surface, c) a core member comprising: i) a first articulation surface adapted for articulation with the first articulation surface of the first endplate, and ii) a second articulation surface adapted for articulation with the first articulation surface of the second endplate, wherein the core member is disposed between the endplates and oriented therein to produce a first articulation interface between the first articulation surface of the first endplate and the first articulation surface of the core member, and a second articulation interface between the first articulation surface of the second endplate and the second articulation surface of the core member, wherein the first articulation surface of the core member is spherical and the second articulation surface of the core member is curved and non-spherical.
 144. The disc of claim 143 wherein the second articulation surface of the core member is cylindrical.
 145. The disc of claim 143 wherein at least one interface is a conforming interface.
 146. The disc of claim 143 wherein each interface is a conforming interface.
 147. The disc of claim 143 wherein the first articulation surface of the core member is convex, and the second articulation surface of the core member is concave.
 148. The disc of claim 143 wherein the first articulation surface of the core member is concave, and the second articulation surface of the core member is convex.
 149. The disc of claim 143 wherein the first articulation surface of the core member is convex, and the second articulation surface of the core member is convex.
 150. The disc of claim 143 wherein the first articulation surface of the core member is concave, and the second articulation surface of the core member is concave.
 151. The disc of claim 143 wherein the radius of the first articulation surface of the core member is at least 3 times greater than the radius of the lower articulation surface of the core member.
 152. A core member for articulation between first and second prosthetic vertebral endplates, comprising: i) a first articulation surface adapted for articulation with a first articulation surface of the first prosthetic vertebral endplate, ii) a second articulation surface adapted for articulation with the first articulation surface of the second prosthetic vertebral endplate, wherein the first articulation surface is a portion of a sphere and the second articulation surface is a portion of a curved, non-spherical shape.
 153. The core member of claim 152 wherein the curved non-spherical shape is a cylinder.
 154. The disc of claim 152 wherein the first articulation surface of the core member is convex, and the second articulation surface of the core member is concave.
 155. The disc of claim 152 wherein the first articulation surface of the core member is concave, and the second articulation surface of the core member is convex.
 156. The disc of claim 152 wherein the first articulation surface of the core member is convex, and the second articulation surface of the core member is convex.
 157. The disc of claim 152 wherein the first articulation surface of the core member is concave, and the second articulation surface of the core member is concave.
 158. The disc of claim 152 wherein the radius of the first articulation surface of the core member is at least 3 times greater than the radius of the lower articulation surface of the core member.
 159. A prosthetic vertebral endplate, comprising: i) an outer surface adapted to mate with a first vertebral body to define a first attachment plane substantially parallel to the vertebral body endplate, and ii) an inner surface comprising a substantially flat motion surface, wherein the substantially flat motion surface and the first attachment plane define an angle α.
 160. An intervertebral motion disc comprising: a) a first prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising: i) an outer surface adapted to be attached to a first vertebral body, and ii) an inner surface comprising a first articulation surface, and b) a core member comprising: i) a first articulation surface, wherein the first articulation surface of the core member and the first articulation surface of the first endplate are adapted to form a first articulation interface having a range of anterior-posterior A-P motion and a range of medial-lateral M-L motion, wherein the range of A-P motion is between 1.5 and 50 times greater than the range of M-L motion.
 161. The disc of claim 160 wherein the range of A-P motion is between 1.5 and 8 times greater than the range of M-L motion.
 162. The disc of claim 160 wherein the range of A-P motion is between 4 and 8 times greater than the range of M-L motion.
 163. The disc of claim 160 wherein the range of A-P motion is between 5 and 7 times greater than the range of M-L motion.
 164. The disc of claim 160 wherein the range of A-P motion is between 5.5 and 6.5 times greater than the range of M-L motion.
 165. The disc of claim 160 wherein the range of A-P motion is between 2 and 5 mm, and the range of M-L motion is between 0.25 mm and 2 mm.
 166. The disc of claim 160 wherein the range of A-P motion is between 3 and 4 mm, and the range of M-L motion is between 0.25 mm and 1 mm.
 167. An intervertebral motion disc comprising: a) a first prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising: i) an outer surface adapted to be attached to a first vertebral body, and ii) an inner surface comprising: a first articulation surface, and a raised portion extending from the inner surface substantially adjacent the first articulation surface and having first and second ends, and b) a removable tab having first and second ends, wherein the tab is attached to the endplate and oriented so that the first end of the raised portion is substantially adjacent the first end of the tab, and the second end of the raised portion is substantially adjacent the second end of the tab to form an enclosure which substantially encloses the first articulation surface.
 168. The disc of claim 167 further comprising: c) a core member comprising a first articulation surface, wherein the core member is disposed within the enclosure and oriented so that the first articulation surface of the core member and the first articulation surface of the first endplate form a first articulation interface.
 169. An intervertebral motion disc comprising: a) a first prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising: i) an outer surface adapted to be attached to a first vertebral body, and ii) an inner surface comprising a first articulation surface, and iii) an elongated rail extending from the inner surface, b) a core member comprising: i) a first articulation surface, and ii) an elongated slot for receiving the rail, wherein the first articulation surface of the core member and the first articulation surface of the first endplate are adapted to form a first articulation interface, and the elongated rail is received in the elongated slot.
 170. The disc of claim 169 wherein the rail comprises a plurality of pins.
 171. An intervertebral motion disc comprising: a) a first prosthetic vertebral endplate comprising: i) an outer surface adapted to be attached to a first vertebral body, and ii) an inner surface comprising a first articulation surface comprising a first metal having grains oriented in a first direction, b) a core member comprising: i) a first articulation surface comprising a metal having grains oriented in a second direction, and wherein the first articulation surface of the core member and the first articulation surface of the first endplate are adapted to form a first articulation interface, and wherein the first and second directions of grain orientation are not parallel.
 172. The disc of claim 171 wherein the first direction is substantially perpendicular to the second direction. 